TALBOT, RICHARD 1630-1691

Richard Talbot was appointed commander-in-chief of the army in Ireland under King James II, who created him Earl of Tyrconnell. He restructured his force, recruiting many Catholics, and in 1687 became viceroy. Talbot's troops were defeated at Enniskillen and in Derry, where Lundy became Governor in 1689 and Catholics were expelled from the city. King James was forced to flee to France and William of Orange was proclaimed King. Talbot raised an army of fifty thousand men, some of whom took part in the unsuccessful siege of Derry. When King James arrived from France in 1689 Talbot was created a duke. He fought at the Battle of the Boyne and died during the second siege of Limerick.

TANDY, JAMES NAPPER 1740-1803

James Napper Tandy was born in Dublin. He was a prominent Volunteer and radical politician who supported the French Revolution. He was Secretary of the United Irish Society and was imprisoned. He had organised two of the National Guard battalions, and when these were vetoed by the authorities he escaped to America. In 1798 he returned to France. He then sailed for Donegal and was appointed a general. Subsequently he was arrested in Hamburg and condemned to death at Lifford. He was released as a special concession to Napoleon and died in Bordeaux.

TATE, FAITHFULL see TEATE, FAITHFULL

TATE, NAHUM 1652-1715

Nahum Tate was born in Dublin into a family of County Cavan origins. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. As well as his own drama, such as A Duke and No Duke and Injured Innocence, he adapted many plays, one of which was King Lear, and in 1692 became Poet Laureate in England. He wrote the hymn 'While shepherds watched their flocks by night' and collaborated in the metrical version of the Psalms.

TAUTPHOEUS, BARONESS von, see MONTGOMERY, JEMIMA

TAYLOR, JEREMY 1613-1667

Jeremy Taylor was born in Cambridgeshire, was educated at Cambridge and took holy orders in 1633. He preached in London and became a Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. He was, for a time, attached to the royal household and he later spent much time in Wales at the estate of the Earl of Carbey. During that period he wrote A Discourse on the Liberty of Prophesying, 1647. After the Restoration he lived in London and in 1660 he became Bishop of Down and Connor, and the following year Administrator of Dromore. He was not in favour of the use of the Irish language. Among his publications are Dissuasive from Popery; Liberty of Prophecying; Rule and Exercises of Holy Living, 1650; Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying, 1651 and Discourse on Friendship.

TAYLOR, JOHN WILGAR 1859-1924

John Taylor was an international rugby player who played for Queen's University, Belfast, and the North of Ireland Football Club. Between 1879 and 1883, he played eight rugby international matches for Ireland.

TEATE (or TATE), FAITHFULL c.1600-c.1672

Faithfull Teate was born in Ballyhaise, County Cavan, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1625 he was appointed Rector of Castleterrogh. In 1641, because he informed against the rebels, his house was burnt and his children injured, and he escaped to England for a period. He was a writer. He died in Dublin.

TEDFORD, ALFRED 1877-1942

Alfred Tedford was educated at Methodist College and played rugby for the Malone Club. Between 1902 and 1908 he won twenty-three international caps for Ireland, and scored six international tries in all. In 1903 he was selected for the British and Irish tour of South Africa, and was voted the outstanding forward on the tour. In 1923 and 1924 he was an Irish selector and from 1919 to 1920, President of the Irish Rugby Football Union.

TEELING, BARTHOLOMEW 1774-1798

Bartholomew Teeling was born in Lisburn, County Antrim. He was educated in Dublin at the Dubordieu School. He joined the United Irishmen and went to France in 1796 to enlist support for a French invasion of Ireland. He returned to Ireland, landing at Killala. He fought at Ballinamuck and surrendered at Collooney. He was court-martialled and hanged in Dublin.

TEELING, CHARLES HAMILTON 1778-1850

Charles Teeling was born in Lisburn, County Antrim, the brother of Bartholomew Teeling. In 1802 he was a linen bleacher but became a journalist and established the Northern Herald and the Ulster Magazine in Belfast, and the Newry Examiner in Newry. He wrote a Personal Narrative of '98 and A Sequel, as well as The History and Consequences of the Battle of the Diamond. He died in Dublin.

TELFAIR, CHARLES c.1777-1833

Charles Telfair was born in Belfast and qualified as a surgeon. He settled in Mauritius and established a botanical garden, and sent many plant specimens to Kew Gardens. A botanical genus was named after him. He died in Port Louis.

TEMPLETON, JOHN 1766-1825

John Templeton was born in Bridge Street, Belfast, and was educated privately. He was one of the first people to make accurate observations of the plants, animals, rocks and minerals found in the north of Ireland, and he was much concerned about the intellectual progress of Belfast, being a founder member of the Academical Institution. He was a supporter of the United Irishmen, but became disillusioned by what he saw as a rise in sectarian nationalism. He devoted a great deal of time to the study of botany and the improvement of various species of plants. He laid out an experimental garden at the family estate at Cranmore, near Belfast, and grew many foreign trees, shrubs and flowers from seeds sent by other botanists. He studied, noted and illustrated not only flowering plants, but also algae, fungae, lichens, mosses, geology, meteorology and many aspects of zoology, especially birds, fish and molluscs. His book on the natural history of Ireland was not completed but the illustrated manuscripts of his Catalogue of Native Plants; Hibernian Flora and Hibernian Zoology have constituted invaluable source material. Many contemporary English botanists have included his work in their publications and a genus of Australian legumes is named Templetonia. He published in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, and his observations on weed control and his description of a new rose (Rosa hibernica) were published by the Dublin Society. Much of Templeton's collection, which was donated to the Belfast Natural History Society Museum, still survives in the Ulster Museum, Belfast. The British Library possesses his manuscript of fungus and lichen drawings. He was an Associate of the Linnaean Society of London; Vice-President of Belfast Literary Society; and first honorary member of Belfast Natural History Society. He left an unpublished journal covering the years 1806 to 1825.

TEMPLETON, ROBERT 1802-1892

Robert Templeton was born in Belfast and was educated at the Academical Institution, which his father, John Templeton, had helped to found. From 1821 to 1831 he studied medicine at Edinburgh University and was an active entymologist, accumulating his own collection of insects and contributing significantly to entymological, meteorological and botanical research being carried out by the Belfast Natural History Society. His 'Figures and Descriptions of Irish Archnida and Acari' was incorporated into Blackwall's History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland and the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (1836) included his paper on Thysanurae hibernicae. As a tribute to his fascination with the latter species, a thysanuran genus was named Templetonia. From 1829 he began meticulously to prepare his father's manuscripts for publication. In 1833 he was appointed assistant surgeon in the Ordnance Medical Department of the Royal Artillery, which took him to Mauritius and Ceylon, where he again conducted original and comprehensive research into the flora and fauna. He was recalled to Europe in 1852 and served in the Crimean War, where he was promoted to Surgeon Major in 1855. His collection from Ceylon was received by the Belfast Museum, though the main collection of his work is in the British Museum, London. He retired with the honorary rank of Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals in 1860. He died in Edinburgh.

TENISON, RICHARD c.1640-1705

Richard Tenison was born in Carrickfergus, County Antrim, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he achieved a Doctorate of Divinity in 1682. He was a schoolteacher in Trim and Rector of Laracor. In 1675 he became Dean of Clogher, and in 1682 Bishop of Killala, and nine years later Bishop of Clogher. In 1697 he was appointed Bishop of Meath.

TENNENT, GILBERT 1703-1764

Gilbert Tennent was born in Armagh and emigrated to America. He was educated at Yale University and ordained a Presbyterian minister at New Brunswick in 1726. He preached in New England and founded a church in Philadelphia in 1743. He visited England and Ireland, where it is said he collected £500 to establish a college. He was a prolific writer. He died in Philadelphia.

TENNENT, JAMES EMERSON 1804-1869

James Emerson was born in Belfast and was educated at Belfast Academy and Trinity College, Dublin. He was called to the Bar in 183l, and in 1832 he assumed his wife's surname, Tennent. He served as member of parliament for Belfast from 1832 to 1845, and for Lisburn, 1852 and went to fight on behalf of the Greeks. In Greece he met Lord Byron and subsequently published Travels in the Egean. His Spanish Grammar, now in the Linen Hall Library, is a tribute to his abilities as a linguist. In 1841 Sir Robert Peel appointed him Secretary to the India Board, and he wrote an account of Ceylon when he served as Civil Secretary there from 1845 to 1850. He was knighted and had honorary doctorates conferred upon him by Trinity College, Dublin, and Cambridge University. He was Secretary to the Poor Law Board, Permanent Secretary to the Board of Trade in Belfast. Charles Dickens dedicated Our Mutual Friend to him and attended his funeral.

TENNENT, JOHN c.1772-1813

John Tennent was born in County Antrim, and was educated at home by his father, where he was trained for a career in the family wine and spirit business. He joined the United Irishmen and left Ireland for London and later went to Hamburg and The Hague in 1797 on a secret mission on behalf of the society. Two years later he fought for Napoleon against the British, and in 1803 was appointed captain. He joined the newly established Irish Battalion and he represented his unit at Napoleon's coronation in 1804. The Emperor presented him with an eagle standard. Tennent fought in the Napoleonic campaigns in Spain, Holland and Germany, and was appointed Chef de Bataillon of the 4th Battalion of the Irish Regiment in 1809. He took command of the 1st Battalion at Landau in 1810. In 1813 Napoleon named him a knight of the Legion of Honour. He died at Lowenberg, Germany, in a conflict with Russian troops in 1813.

TENNENT, ROBERT 1765-1837

Robert Tennent was born in County Antrim. He studied medicine and went to the West Indies and worked as an agent for several properties in Jamaica. He joined the Royal Navy as a surgeon in 1793, and served on the Europe. He left the navy in 1799 and settled in Belfast where he became Treasurer of the Belfast Hospital and was involved with the Hibernian Bible Society and the Belfast Harp Society.

TENNENT, WILLIAM 1705-1777

William Tennent was born in County Antrim, the brother of Gilbert Tennent. It is said that as a young man he fell into a trance that lasted for three days during which he was 'cold and stiff as a stake'. He recovered, but could not remember anything, and had to begin the learning process again. In 1733 he was ordained and served as a pastor until his death in New Jersey. [Memoir 1847]

TENNENT, WILLIAM 1760-1832

William Tennent was born in County Antrim and served as an apprentice with John Campbell, a Belfast merchant and banker. He joined the Belfast Chamber of Commerce in 1783, and was junior manager in the New Sugar House in Waring Street. He eventually became a partner in this business, and he held partnerships in the distilling firm of John Porter & Co. and the Belfast Insurance Co.. He was co-founder, in 1809, of the Commercial Bank, and he worked in the bank until it became Belfast Banking Co. in 1827. He was on the Board of the Spring Water Commissioners and the Belfast Banking Company, and was manager of the Belfast Academical Institution and Vice-President of the Chamber of Commerce. After the rebellion of 1798, he was arrested on suspicion of belonging to the United Irishmen, and imprisoned in Scotland for two years. He returned to Belfast and in 1814, purchased the village and demesne of Tempo, County Fermanagh. He bequeathed property to the Presbyterian Church, and died in the cholera epidemic.

THOM, JOHN HAMILTON 1809-1894

John Thom was born in Newry, County Down, and was educated in Belfast. He was ordained as a Unitarian and moved to Liverpool, where he edited the Christian Teacher. He founded the Domestic Mission and wrote and edited many works, among which is the Life of Blanco White. [Memoir and sermons, 1901]

THOMPSON, BONAR 1888-1963

Bonar Thompson was born in Carnearney, near Antrim, where he was brought up by an elderly aunt. He was educated in Ladyhill National School. When he was fourteen he went to England and did a variety of jobs. He listened to open-air orators, and at the age of seventeen, made his first speech in Salford. He became involved with the unemployment movement, was arrested for smashing shop windows during protest, and was sentenced to a year in Rochester Borstal. In 1910 he went to London, where for the next four years he survived by collecting money after his speeches, and by selling pamphlets which dealt with issues such as his theory on birth control. He opposed the First World War and refused to serve, which stance, when the war was over, made him very unpopular. He addressed large crowds at Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park and was known as 'The Prime Minister of Hyde Park'. He wrote poetry and articles for The Worker and published three autobiographies: An Agitator of the Underworld; An Evangel of Unrest and Hyde Park Orator, though the biographical details often contradict each other. He took part in several radio shows, including Gossip Hour; In Town Tonight and Variety in a Taxi Cab, and in 1948 performed in a radio broadcast production of Coriolanus. Throughout the 1940s, he put on satirical one-man shows, with titles such as Macbeth with Pat Geary. In 1945 he toured abroad with Basil Langton's Travelling Repertory Theatre Company. Michael Foot acknowledged him as a powerful influence.

THOMPSON, CHARLES fl. 1907-1910

Charles Thompson was an international rugby player and played for Belfast Collegians. Between 1907 and 1910 he won thirteen international caps for Ireland. In 1909 he became the first Irish player to score against France.

THOMPSON, HAROLD NEVILLE 1861-1925

Harold Thompson was born in Clonmany, County Donegal, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1884 he joined the army and took part in the Nile expedition and served in South Africa. He received the Distinguished Service Order and in 1904 was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. During the First World War he was director of medical supplies, was taken prisoner and then released. In 1917 he rose to the rank of major general and was honoured by the French, American and Portuguese governments. In 1919 he was knighted. He died on the Isle of Wight and is buried in Omagh.

THOMPSON, SAMUEL 1916-1965

Sam Thompson was born in Belfast and was educated locally. He worked as a painter in the shipyards and wrote documentary scripts on the shipyards for the BBC. His first play Over the Bridge, though accepted for performance in 1957, was not staged until 1960 in Belfast and Dublin because of fear of a hostile response. In 1963 The Evangelist was staged in the Opera House, Belfast, with Ray McNally in the leading role, and Cemented with Love was performed on television a year after his death.

THOMPSON, SYDNEY MARY (MADAM CHRISTEN) 1847-1923

Sydney Mary Thompson was born in Whitehouse, County Antrim. She studied art from 1870 at the Belfast Government School of Art. She won many prizes. She was a member of the Belfast Ramblers' Sketching Club and the Belfast Art Society. She married Randolph Christen, an art instructor from Switzerland, in 1900, and they left to live in Scotland. In 1921 she became a patron of the Belfast Art Society. She wrote a tribute to her husband, Randolph Christen: The Story of an Artist's Life, which was published in 1910. As well as art, her other consuming interest was geology, and she visited the volcanoes at Auvergne at the age of seventy-five.

THOMPSON, THOMAS CLEMENT 1780-1857

Thomas Thompson was born in Belfast. He studied art at the Dublin Society Schools and began his career as a miniature painter. He later abandoned this for large-scale portraiture, and after 1817 established a successful studio in London. Among his sitters were George IV and the 2nd Marquis of Ormond. He was a founder member of the Royal Hibernian Academy, and exhibited there between 1826 and 1852. He also painted landscapes, such as 'Belfast from the banks of the Lagan'. He died in Cheltenham.

THOMPSON, WILLIAM 1805-1852

William Thompson was born in Belfast and was expected to manage the family linen business, but became instead a full-time naturalist. He had joined the Belfast Natural History Society when he was twenty-one and his first paper was 'On the Birds of the Copeland Islands'. He published many of his observations between 1827 and 1852, and eighty of his scientific papers on Irish Natural History appeared in journals such as the Magazine of Zoology and Botany and Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Between 1840 and 1843 he produced reports for the British Association for the Advancement of Science. His papers were collected in three volumes entitled The Natural History of Ireland (the fourth volume was published posthumously), and these books remain an indispensable reference work on Irish zoology of the early nineteenth century. He added about a thousand species to Irish fauna lists and discovered a number of species new to science. He was the first to describe the breeding places of rare birds on the Donegal coast. He was President of the Natural History Section when the British Association met in Cork in 1843, and was President of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society from 1843 to 1852.

THOMPSON, WILLIAM MARCUS 1857-1907

William Thompson was born in Derry, was educated privately, and worked on local newspapers such as the Belfast Morning News. He then went to London to join the staff of The Standard. He edited Reynolds' News and stood as a Progressive candidate for London County Council and was elected. In 1880 he was called to the Bar and defended trade unionists, among them John Burns.

THOMSON, CHARLES 1729-1824

Charles Thomson was born in Maghera, County Londonderry. He emigrated to America in 1740 and was educated by Quakers. He was an acquaintance of Franklin and Secretary to the American Continental Congress in 1789. He was an ardent campaigner for the preservation of Indian tribes and he was chosen by the Indians to record on their behalf the proceedings of the Treaty of Easton in 1757. In 1758 he was adopted into the Delaware tribe, with the Indian name equivalent to 'the man who tells the truth'. He translated the Gospels and died in Pennsylvania.

THOMSON, CHARLES WYVILLE 1830-1882

Charles Thomson was born in Linlithgowshire, Scotland, and educated at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and the University of Edinburgh. He was appointed a lecturer in Botany at the University of Aberdeen in 1851, and two years later Professor of Natural History in Queen's College, Cork. In 1854 he became Professor of Geology in Queen's College, Belfast, where, in 1860, he also became Professor of Botany and Zoology. He published work on fossils and as a consequence became interested in oceanography. He returned to Edinburgh in 1870 to become Professor of Natural History at the university and undertook several scientific deep-sea explorations that he recounted in The Depths of the Sea. He was director of the scientific staff on the Challenger expedition, which, between 1872 and 1876, explored sixty-nine thousand miles of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Fifty volumes of reports were published as a result. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1876 was knighted.

THOMSON, GORDON AUGUSTUS 1799-1886

Gordon Thomson was born in Belfast and lived for a time in the West Indies and also visited South Africa, China and India. In 1834 he reached Australia and subsequently explored that country. He went to South America via New Zealand and the Sandwich Islands, travelled on horseback from Rio de Janeiro to Valparaiso with naval dispatches. From Valparaiso he travelled through Chile, Peru and Mexico to the United States of America. He returned to England by way of Canada and the Prince Edward Islands in 1842. During his journeys he made a collection of ethnological objects, some of which he donated to the Belfast Museum. He built his house 'Bedeque' on the site of the present Mater Hospital in Belfast, and was a regular vistor at the Royal Hospital before leaving in 1866 to explore Egypt, Palestine and part of Arabia. He returned to Australia in 1873 to live in Melbourne, which had been an Aboriginal village when he had seen it forty years earlier. On his death a monument was erected to his memory in Melbourne.

THOMSON, HUGH 1860-1920

Hugh Thomson was born in Coleraine, County Londonderry, and was educated at the Model School in Coleraine, later training as a draughtsman in Belfast. In the 1880s he went to London, where worked for the English Illustrated Magazine. He gained a reputation for his work in black and white. He illustrated the novels of Jane Austen, George Eliot, Thackeray and Dickens, and made many drawings for The Graphic. He received a civil list pension and died in London.

THOMSON, JAMES 1786-1849

James Thomson was born near Ballynahinch, County Down, and when he was twelve years old witnessed the battle there. He was educated in Glasgow, and became a mathematics teacher in the Academical Institution, Belfast. In 1832 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at Glasgow University and he wrote a great deal on mathematics and geography. He was the father of Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) and James Thomson.

THOMSON, JAMES 1822-1892

James Thomson was born in Belfast and was educated from 1832 at Glasgow University, where his father was Professor of Mathematics. He graduated in 1839 and served his engineering apprenticeship in England. In 1851 he became a civil engineer in Belfast and patented his invention of an inward-flow vortex turbine. He worked for Belfast Waterworks and was Professor of Engineering at Queen's College, Belfast, from 1857 to 1873, when he was appointed professor at Glasgow University. He was an inventor and contributed to the knowledge of centrifugal and jet pumps, paddleboats and water wheels. He published in scientific journals on such subjects as plasticity of ice, crystallisation, liquefaction and air and water currents. He was interested in the social life of Belfast and recommended the purchase of land for Ormeau Park for the people of the city. In 1877 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and received honorary doctorates from Glasgow, Belfast and Dublin. He was the brother of Lord Kelvin.

THOMSON, SAMUEL 1766-1816

Samuel Thomson was born near Templepatrick, County Antrim. He became a schoolmaster and lived in the townland of Carngranny. In 1793 he published his first volume, Poems on Different Subjects, Parlty in the Scottish Dialects, and it was dedicated to Mr. Robert Burns. In 1779 he published a second volume, New Poems, and in 1806 a third volume, Simple Poems.

THOMSON, WILLIAM 1726-1796

William Thomson was born in Maghera, County Londonderry, and went to Pennsylvania in 1740. He was placed as general in command of the South Carolina Rangers in the War of Independence. He was the brother of Charles Thomson, and he died in Virginia.

THOMSON, WILLIAM (LORD KELVIN), 1824-1907

William Thomson was born in College Square East, Belfast. He was educated at Glasgow University from the age of eleven and at Peterhouse, Cambridge. In 1846 he became Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow, a post which he held for fifty-three years. He discovered the second law of thermo-dynamics, but also carried out considerable research on electric currents which was to prove invaluable in submarine telegraphy and accounted for the success of the Atlantic cables. He also devised a more accurate way of determining the size of the earth. He invented depth-sounding apparatus, tide gauges, a new type of ship's compass, and instruments for measuring electricity. In 1866 he was given a knighthood. In 1892 he was created Baron Kelvin of Largs, and in 1902 received the Order of Merit. An exhibition of his inventions in 1896 attended by prominent international scientists was held as part of his fifty years' service as professor. He wrote prolifically and his works are collected as Mathematical and Physical Papers. He died in Scotland and is buried in Westminster Abbey. His statue stands at the entrance of Botanic Gardens, Belfast, and the Kelvin temperature scale is a memorial to his name. [Biographies by Professor Thomson and Ms King]

THORNTON, MATTHEW 1714-1803

Matthew Thornton was born in County Londonderry, and his family emigrated to America when he was four years old. He was educated at Worcester, Massachusetts and graduated as a Doctor of Medicine. He practised at Londonderry, New Hampshire, and presided over the Provincial Convention in 1775. In 1776 he was a delegate to the Congress and was one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence. In 1782 he became a judge and later a Senator. He died at Newburyport.

THORNTON, WILLIAM 1779-1840

William Thornton was born in Muff, County Londonderry, and joined the army in 1796. He served in Malta, Canada and in the Peninsular War, and in 1814 in America. He was wounded at Bladensburg and in New Orleans. He was knighted in 1836 and became a general in 1838. He committed suicide in England.

TICHBORNE, HENRY 1581-1667

Henry Tichborne came to Ireland in 1620 as a soldier in the English army. In 1623 he was appointed a commissioner of plantations in County Londonderry. By 1641 he owned land in Tyrone, Donegal and Leitrim and was appointed Governor of Drogheda, where he withstood a siege by Sir Phelim O'Neill. He captured Dundalk and Ardee and was made Lord Justice in 1643. Though he had shifted his allegiance from the King to the parliament, at the Restoration he was made a marshal of the army and was granted the estate of Beaulieu, County Louth.

TISDALL, WILLIAM 1669-1735

William Tisdall was born in Dublin and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he became a Fellow. It is said that he and Jonathan Swift quarreled because of Stella. He was Vicar of Skerry and Racavan and of Antrim. In 1712 he became Vicar of Belfast. He witnessed Swift's will.

TOD, ISABELLA 1836-1896

Isabella Tod was born in Edinburgh and educated privately. She came to live in Belfast and contributed to the Dublin University Magazine, The Banner of Ulster and other journals, with a view to raising the status of women. During the period when she was working with the temperance movement, she, along with Caroline Norton and others, formed a society which agitated for changes in the law which culminated in the Married Women's Property Bill. She was a campaigner for votes for women and was secretary of the Northern Ireland Branch of the National Society for Women's Suffrage, established in 1871. She published many articles on social issues and campaigned against the Contagious Diseases Act which allowed magistrates in garrison towns to force women suspected of being prostitutes to undergo medical examinations for venereal disease. The acts were repealed in 1886. In 1867 she was secretary of the Ladies Institute in Belfast, which played a prominent role in achieving the rights of girls to take recognised academic tests. Throughout her life she was a supporter of higher education for girls and petitioned the Queen's University of Ireland to allow girls to take university examinations. The university agreed to admit girls to tests, though they were awarded certificates, not degrees. She was vehemently opposed to Home Rule and was involved in the Women's Liberal Unionist Association.

TOLAND, JOHN 1670-1722

John Toland was born in Clonmany, County Donegal. He was educated in Prague, Scotland, Leyden and Oxford and although raised a Catholic, became a Protestant when he was sixteen years old. He believed that the Church and the Christian hierarchy had perverted true Christian religion, and he advocated reading the bible with a cognisance of who wrote it, in what cultural context, and what was their purpose. His books were extremely controversial. He paid a brief visit to Ireland in 1697 but the hostility occasioned by his book, Christianity not Mysterious, forced him to flee, and he never returned to Ireland. His other works include Amyntor; Nazarenus; Life of Milton; Tetradymus; Pantheisticon; Account of Prussia and Hanover and History of the Druids. He was a native Irish speaker and knew at least fifteen other languages. He became increasingly involved in politics and latterly turned to Pantheism. He died in poverty, in Putney, near London.

TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE 1763-1798

Wolfe Tone was born in Dublin and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1787 he was called to the Bar and wrote a pamphlet, An Argument on Behalf of the Catholics of Ireland in 1791. In the same year he was invited to Belfast by Thomas Russell, where he helped to found the Society of United Irishmen. When he returned to Dublin he established a branch there. A year later he became the assistant secretary of the Catholic Committee and the principal organiser of the Catholic Convention, though he was a Protestant. In 1795 he went to Philadelphia and then to Paris in 1796, where he galvanised support for Ireland. The ship on which Tone sailed in 1798 was captured by the British off Lough Swilly and he was taken prisoner and sentenced to death by hanging. He committed suicide in prison in Dublin.

TOOGOOD, ROMEO 1902-1966

Romeo Toogood was born in Belfast and was educated at Hillman Street Public Elementary School. He became a painter and decorator. He attended the Belfast School of Art and taught part-time, before leaving for the Royal College of Art in London. When he returned to Ulster he began his teaching career at Larne Technical School, Dungannon Technical School, Down High School and Friends' School, Lisburn. He became painting and drawing master of Belfast College of Art in 1949. He chose the Lagan Valley and the Cushendun area as subjects for his paintings.

TORNA EIGEAS (the Learned) c.400

Torna Eigeas was the chief poet of Niall of the Nine Hostages. He was also Niall's foster-father. He has three extant poems attributed to him by tradition, and one of these appears in the Book of the Dun Cow.

TORRENS, HENRY 1779-1822

Henry Torrens was born in County Londonderry and joined the army. He served in the West Indies, Nova Scotia and Egypt. In Portugal he was military secretary to Wellington, and in 1815 he was knighted.

TORRENS, ROBERT 1776-1856

Robert Torrens was born in County Londonderry and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1798 he was called to the Bar and became a serjeant-at-law, and in 1823 a judge of common pleas. He sat on the Bench for thirty-three years. He died in Derrynoid, County Londonderry

TORRENS, ROBERT b.1780

Robert Torrens was born in Herveyhill, County Londonderry. He served in the Royal Marines in the Dutch campaign and as a colonel of a Spanish legion in the Peninsular War. He was member of parliament for Ashburton and Bolton and a Fellow of the Royal Society. He owned and edited The Globe and The Traveller and wrote many works on economics, among which are An Essay on the External Corn Trade and An Essay on the Production of Wealth. He was also the author of two novels, Celebia Choosing a Husband and The Victim of Intolerance,or the Hermit of Killarney: A Catholic Tale. He was appointed chairman of the crown commissioners to establish the colonisation of South Australia, and Lake Torrens and the River Torrens on which Adelaide stands are named after him. He died in London,

TRAILL, ANTHONY 1838-1914

Anthony Traill was born in Ballylough, County Antrim, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied engineering and became a fellow, later taking the degrees of Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Laws. He was active in church affairs, represented the landlords' interest on royal commissions and wrote on questions of education. He was also a keen and accomplished sportsman and alpine climber. In 1884 he was appointed High Sheriff of Antrim and became chairman of Portrush electric railway, which ran from Portrush to the Giant's Causeway from 1883 to 1947. In 1904 he was appointed Provost of Trinity College, Dublin. He received honorary degrees from many universities.

TRAILL, ROBERT 1793-1847

Robert Traill was born in Lisburn, County Antrim. He was rector of Schull, County Cork from 1832 to 1847. He was a Doctor of Divinity and translated the works of the Jewish historian, Josephus, into English. He was a Calvinist and antagonised many of the inhabitants of the county with his fervour. He is credited with having discovered copper at Dhurode, and one of the mine shafts was named after him. He became a principal shareholder in the company. In 1846, when the potato crop began to rot, he felt that if the potatoes were stored in pits, they could be saved, but had to concede that this was not the case. He became Chairman on the Schull Relief Committee and his eloquent letters induced people to subscribe. James Mahoney, an artist working with the Illustrated London News, visited Dr Traill and sketched him visiting a family whose father was dying. He wrote `my house is more like a beleaguered fortress. Ere the day has dawned the crowds are already gathering. My family one and all are perfect slaves worn out with attending them; for I would not wish, were it possible, that one starving creature would leave my door without some-thing to allay the cravings of hunger'. He set up a soup kitchen, but in 1847, died of famine fever. He was the maternal grand-father of John Millington Synge.

TRAILL, WILLIAM ACHESON 1844-1934

William Traill was born in Ballylough, County Antrim, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin where he took a degree in engineering. From 1868 to 1881 he served on the Geological Survey of Ireland and built an electrical railway from Portrush to the Giant's Causeway in 1883, the first ever constructed in the world. He was a brother of Anthony Traill.

TRENCH, RICHARD LE POER 1767-1837

Richard Trench was called to the Bar, served as Member of Parliament for Limavady in 1796 and for Galway in 1798. He voted against the Union in 1799 but in 1800 supported it. He was Master of the Mint and Postmaster General. In 1813 he was appointed ambassador at The Hague and two years later was plenipotentary at the Congress of Vienna. From 1816 to 1822 he served once more in The Hague. He was created a British peer with the title Earl of Clancarty.

TRENCH, WILLIAM STEUART 1808-1872

William Steuart Trench was born near Portarlington, Queen's County (now County Laois) and was educated at the Armagh Royal School and Trinity College, Dublin. He won a gold medal for his essay on land reclamation. He was a land agent for the Shirley estate, County Monaghan, and later for Lord Landsdowne, Lord Bath and Lord Digby. He wrote a contemporary account of the famine, Realities of Irish Life which was published in 1868 and reprinted five times during that year. (An abridged edition was produced in 1966 with an introduction by Patrick Kavanagh). Other works include Ierne, a tale and Sketches of Life and Character in Ireland, which appeared each month in 1871 to 1872 in Evening Hours. He died in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan.

TREVOR, HELEN MABEL 1831-1900

Helen Mabel Trevor was born in Loughbrickland, County Down. Having drawn and painted at home, she decided to attend the Royal Academy in London in the late 1870s, and she went from there to Paris. She travelled in France, and in 1883 sent two pictures to the Royal Hibernian Academy. She visited Italy and stayed for six years until 1889 when she returned to Paris. She made sketches of St Germaine, Les Invalides and the Eiffel Tower. She was interested in the lives and traditions of the Bretons and other Celtic peoples and this is reflected in her painting. She was a regular exhibitor in London, Dublin and Paris, and examples of her work are in the National Gallery of Ireland and the Ulster Museum.

TREVOR, MARCUS 1616-1670

Marcus Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon, was born in Rostrevor and served at Marston Moor as a Royalist, in Louth as a Parliamentarian, and then in Drogheda as a Royalist. At this point he submitted to the Parliamentarians, but became a Royalist again before the Restoration.

TROBRIDGE, GEORGE 1851-1909

George Trobridge was born in Exeter, and in 1880 was appointed headmaster of the Government School of Design in Belfast, where he remained for the next twenty-one years. He exhibited in England, at the Belfast Ramblers' Sketching Club and in Dublin. He published The Principles of Perspective as Applied to Model Drawing and Sketching from Nature (1884) and Swedenborg, His Life, Teachings and Influence, and The Foundations of Philosophy (1904). He wrote a novel and contributed to journals and newspapers and in 1908 he returned to England.

TROTTER, JOHN BERNARD 1774-1818

John Trotter was born in County Down, and was educated at Downpatrick and Trinity College, Dublin. He wrote an account of Charles James Fox, to whom he was private secretary, but is remembered for his Walks through Ireland. His 'A Letter to Lord Southwell on the Catholic Question' was published in The Herald newspaper and a periodical, The Political Register. He died in penury in Cork.

TULLY, CHARLES PATRICK 1924-1973

Charlie Tully was born in the Falls Road, Belfast and played soccer for Whiterock, Forth River, Ballyclare Commrades, Cliftonville, Belfast Celtic and Glasgow Celtic, where he won Scottish League and Cup medals in 1954. He also played for Cork Hibernians. Between 1949 and 1959 he was capped ten times for Northern Ireland, and scored three international goals. He was later manager of Bangor, County Down and Portadown, County Armagh.

TURNER, SAMUEL 1765-1810

Samuel Turner was born in Turner's Glen in County Armagh, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1788 he was called to the Bar. He joined the United Irishmen became a member of the Executive Committee and in 1797 went to Hamburg where he informed on his comrades, through Lord Downshire, to the government. It is said that he had a secret service pension. It is thought that he was killed in a duel in the Isle of Man.

TURNERELLI, PETER 1774-1839

Peter Turnerelli was born in Belfast and was the grandson of an Italian refugee. He was educated in Dublin and moved to London, where he became a pupil of the sculptor Chenu and a student at the Royal Academy. He was appointed instructor in modeling to the royal princesses and lived at court from 1797 to 1800. George III, Wellington, Pitt and Grattan were among those whose busts he sculpted. A bust of Daniel O'Connell that he sculpted was extremely popular in Ireland. At Dumfries he designed the memorial over the grave of Robert Burns. He held regular exhibitions at the Royal Academy and died in London.

TYRRELL, RICHARD d.1603

Richard Tyrrell was a member of an Old English family. He was a soldier in the service of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone. In 1597 he was in command of a force of four hundred men which intercepted an English force which was advancing from Mullingar. All the English except for the commander and one soldier were killed, and the scene of the battle is known as Tyrrell's Pass. In 1598 he went to Munster in an attempt to oust the planters and joined the garrison at Dunboy. He was thwarted both in Munster and in Kerry and was not heard of after he took refuge in O'Carroll's country.

TYRRELL, WILLIAM fl. 1910-1951

William Tyrrell became an air vice-marshal with the Royal Air Force in the First World War. He won a Distinguished Service Order with a Bar, a Belgian Croix de Guerre and was knighted in 1947. He played rugby for Queen's University, Belfast and between 1910 and 1914 was capped many times for Ireland, scoring two international tries. In the season 1950-51 he was President of the Irish Rugby Football Union.